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For his about-face on Saudi Arabia being a “pariah,” Joe Biden might suffer severe consequences at home

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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For his about-face on Saudi Arabia being a “pariah,” Joe Biden might suffer severe consequences at home

Joe Biden’s maiden trip to West Asia as president of the United States fell short of the hype. Instead, as critics both inside and outside of the Democratic Party had feared, it ended in a controversy that would probably continue to rage in the months leading up to the key US midterm parliamentary elections in November. The President’s team touted Saudi Arabia’s decision to allow all Israeli flights access to its airspace as a significant advance in its foreign policy, with Biden dubbing it a “historic move.” But in the upcoming months, his choice to swallow his pride and re-engage with Saudi Arabia—a nation he once threatened to become a “pariah” state—is likely to come back to haunt him politically.

In addition to aiding in MBS’s Western reintegration, the US President’s interactions with him will cast doubt on Washington’s commitment to principles like the rule of law and human rights.

During his discussion with the Crown Prince, the American President is reported to have brought up the topic of Khashoggi’s murder, for which he held the Crown Prince solely accountable. MBS made clear that he would not submit to Biden’s lecture on human rights by not only denying any role in the unfortunate event and characterising it as a mistake, but also by comparing it to the US’s error in Iraq.

Motives behind the U-turn
Biden’s position has changed as a result of two significant causes. One is China’s investment in infrastructure through its Belt and Road Initiative and the gradual expansion of its economic ties with other West Asian nations. Two, Russia’s reputation as a trustworthy partner after it was successful in stopping Syria’s collapse. After the Syrian War, most leaders in West Asia preferred to travel to Moscow since they were all eager to establish an alliance with it.

However, China’s focus on recovering its economy following the COVID-19 outbreak and Russia’s involvement in the conflict in Ukraine have given the US the chance to re-engage with West Asia. But if Biden’s first trip anywhere is any indication, Washington should be ready for a difficult challenge when re-engaging West Asia.

Days after the I2U2 virtual summit between India, Israel, the US, and the UAE to promote and increase trade and investment among the four nations and to develop public health and crucial and green technology, the American president paid a visit to the region. The UAE’s pledge to invest $2 billion on food parks across India to satisfy the rising demand in South and West Asia was one result of the meeting.

Although Biden’s first trip to West Asia as president was hailed as Washington’s reengagement with the area, at the end of his trip, he had little to show for his efforts.

His interaction with Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil producer, was largely motivated by his desire to obtain a guarantee of increased oil output to help Europe and the US weather the current energy crisis. But Riyadh didn’t offer any definite assurances. US officials are optimistic that the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) meeting in early August would result in a favourable outcome.

The revival of the nuclear agreement with Iran, which the Biden Administration claims will not only stop Teheran from developing a nuclear bomb but also lead to a more stable West Asia, has likewise not won the American president many supporters.

Prior to travelling to Saudi Arabia to take part in a summit with members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and other regional leaders, Biden spent the first two days of his four-day tour to the area in Israel, where he met with the leadership and exchanged views.

Because of the history of US leaders in the region, scepticism rather than enthusiasm greeted Biden’s assurances to the GCC and other leaders that America was “here to stay” and would not turn over control of West Asia to China or Russia.

Nearly a year after America’s bungled pullout from Afghanistan, Biden decided to travel there despite having avoided the area after being elected US president. As he reopened negotiations with Iran, experts suggested the US President was willing to “prioritise order” in West Asia over other objectives including the defence of human rights and the advancement of democracy. However, he was apprehensive about dealing with the Saudi Crown Prince.

Biden was outspoken in his criticism of MBS for his part in the horrible murder of Khashoggi from the beginning of his campaign. Even though the Saudi Crown Prince is recognised as the 86-year-old Saudi monarch’s heir apparent, he had branded Saudi Arabia a “pariah” country and for months refused to speak with him.

The US has long served as Saudi Arabia’s primary security provider, and the nation’s substantial oil reserves and robust arms market have supported American involvement in Saudi Arabia for many years. However, relations weakened after the 9/11 terror attacks in the US, when it was discovered that most of the attackers were Saudi citizens. The old chemistry the two sides had shared seemed to have been lost forever, despite the fact that things improved in the years that followed.

The gulf between the two sides grew due to Biden’s choice to disregard MBS and the US’s criticism of Saudi participation in Yemen as well as the Democratic President’s desire to resurrect the nuclear deal with Iran. In fact, there might not have been a fist bump if it weren’t for the intense pressure on the US economy.

Six ways that governments might encourage innovation and support post-pandemic resilience

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Six ways that governments might encourage innovation and support post-pandemic resilience

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the world economy, with estimates from the International Monetary Fund indicating that the entire cost will likely exceed US$12.5 trillion. The crisis has also expedited the adoption of new technology as well as significant changes in how we live and work. In order to spur economic recovery, policymakers and leaders in science and industry are resting their hopes on more innovation.

Though encouraging innovation is a wonderful idea, it is not always simple. I have researched global efforts to promote local innovation throughout the last century and have identified six major strategies, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. This is the creation of specialised high-tech hubs or clusters (think the next Silicon Valley). High-tech clusters are clearly essential for a country’s competitiveness, according to solid data.

Cities and industrial clusters more broadly are hubs for new business creation, productivity, skill development, and innovation. Clusters help businesses cooperate and compete with one another, create regional brands like watches from Geneva or suits from Savile Row, and establish local supply chains.

With the help of public research institutions, the development of science and technology parks, or the provision of financial and other incentives, numerous governments have attempted to build these clusters from the ground up. Few of these attempts have been successful.

Accelerating established or developing industry clusters has had more success. In addition to being extremely expensive, creating new industry clusters might take decades to pay off.

This strategy aims to improve lifestyle, culture, and public amenities in order to create an inventive, entrepreneurial environment. It aims to develop a “people environment” where locals may build, build, share information, and collaborate creatively. Additionally, it need to draw in and keep the next generation of educated, creative, and wealthy individuals. This method has been used in urban revitalization efforts all around the world. These initiatives transform inner-city and downtown neighborhoods into hip and trendy settings that promote chance encounters, casual talks, and group learning.

However, improving one’s lifestyle does not always result in increased inventiveness. Rapid gentrification that drives out creative populations that can no longer afford the escalating rents can result from it. Increasing the local level of valuable talents is another approach to foster creativity. This might be accomplished by luring in skilled immigrants or educating the local populace.

People are mobile, which makes relying solely on talents problematic. If they aren’t given continued possibilities or if the financial, lifestyle, or creative incentives are higher elsewhere, skilled people will quit. The race to find highly educated or skilled individuals with a track record of developing profitable businesses or goods is heating up on a global scale.

However, when used in conjunction with the “triple helix model,” which unites research, government, and industry, skills-led approaches to innovation can be extremely effective. The matching of skill development with regional opportunity is crucial. The mission-based strategy combines resources and expertise from the public and private sectors to address a medium- to long-term problem. The US moonshot, a 1961 project to send a person to the Moon and back by 1970, is the most well-known example.

The moonshot was supported by NASA during the course of three presidents. The mission was successful, and various new technologies and products were created as a result.

“Mission statements” have since gained popularity in both industry and government. Missions and targets are used by governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to motivate action on a variety of issues, such as net-zero commitments, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and the need to create vaccinations for global pandemics in less than 100 days. Missions, however, may encounter difficulties due to a lack of continued funding, imprecise objectives, opposing interests, and the emergence of unforeseen consequences. Missions may also take funds away from “blue sky” research motivated by curiosity, which has produced some of history’s most important scientific discoveries.

Increased financing for R&D, universities, other research organizations, and commercializing breakthrough technology is essential for fostering innovation. However, the connection between more funding and more innovation is nuanced.

Spending on innovation may become less effective as nations develop. Once the first benefits of using existing technologies have been realised, additional advancements can only come from the more costly and dangerous processes associated with developing and commercialising new technology.

This is profitable for nations with sizable markets and high levels of current productivity, but it is challenging for other nations. The venture financing that enables many fledgling businesses to grow quickly is heavily regionalized. Additionally, venture capital frequently concentrates on a small number of areas, such as the pharmaceutical and information technology sectors.

This strategy makes use of public investment to give emerging technologies like robotics, AI, blockchain, and drones a purpose and funding. Governments can benefit from early engagement with creative local businesses by enhancing their capacities and co-developing technology applications. Government receives more contemporary services, and business has a sizable customer base.

Some of the biggest and most prosperous innovation hubs in the world, including Silicon Valley, have been created using this strategy. The drawbacks of this strategy include the potential for wasting money intended for other government initiatives, the potential for public humiliation when things go wrong, and the dependence on the ability of the government to critically evaluate emerging technologies. Building prosperous, creative neighbourhoods at the local level is essential for strengthening and expanding the country’s economy. None of these six strategies by itself will serve as a “miracle cure” for innovation and economic growth.

What then will be effective? balancing all of these strategies while paying great attention to local contexts, combining and matching for local situations, and concentrating on overall national productivity, technological advancement, and future markets.

Market For Compounding Pharmacies Addresses Important Regional Healthcare Issues

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Market For Compounding Pharmacies Addresses Important Regional Healthcare Issues

The outlook for the global compounding pharmacy industry over the next few years is predicted to remain optimistic due to the increase in full-service facilities offering individualised medication. With major assistance from government agencies, many hospitals throughout the world have started their own pharmacies amid a global reaction against skyrocketing prescription prices.

For instance, the Dutch government has supported specialised compounding pharmacies in their efforts to slow the fast rising cost of medicines across the country. The same course is being taken by developing economies. For instance, the Indian Union Ministry will subsidise the pharmacy at the medical school PGI Chandigarh, which will provide savings on medications of about 40% off the MRP, according to recent sources.

The main suppliers of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment nowadays are established pharmaceutical companies. The Belgian government has been promoting the practise of compounding through rigorous testing and laboratory accreditations since lowering prescription drug costs has emerged as a primary concern. The future for the Belgian compounding pharmacies business is improved by the country’s estimated 16 hospital pharmacies, according to the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP).

These pharmacies focus on the needs of their customers, and their professional and knowledgeable staff has been assisting customers with their questions. Over the past couple of years, more people have chosen to employ these customised solutions because:

  • The majority of insurances are accepted by these pharmacists.
  • They provide specialist services, such as refills, at affordable rates.
  • Some plans allow them to guarantee a 90-day supply of drugs.
  • Orders placed over the phone, online, or in person are promptly delivered to the door.

In Africa, more people are choosing to use custom ophthalmic eye drops
Pharmaceutical firms have many opportunities in the African continent. The industry for compounded ophthalmic pharmacy in South Africa is expected to expand due to the high prevalence of eye disorders among local men, women, and children. Due to their affordability, regulatory compliance, and general effectiveness, compounded eye drops are regarded as a fantastic choice for a certain group of patients who have been receiving ongoing treatments for glaucoma or dry eye. For instance, people who are unable to pay for alternative immunomodulators for dry eye may benefit from compounded cyclosporine.

There is an urgent need for attention and action because eye diseases are prevalent in several African nations, including Nigeria and Ghana. The regional governments have been implementing several plans and programmes to address this public health issue.  As an illustration, the World Glaucoma Week, a joint initiative of the World Glaucoma Patient Association and the World Glaucoma Association, was observed by the government of South Africa from March 6 to 12, 2022. The programme, which has been ongoing for more than ten years, aims to raise awareness of the condition and conduct screening activities at regional hospitals.

Due to how simple it is to manage a regimen containing numerous drops, many ophthalmologists all around the world have already started prescribing compounded drops for dry eye and glaucoma. Giving one drop at a time is far more practical, especially for elderly people who could forget to take their medication because the directions are more convoluted. With online order placing, a number of compounding pharmacies in South Africa offer prompt delivery and top-notch customer care.

The demand for paediatric drugs is increased by the high prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Nordic nations

The market share of paediatric compounding pharmacies in Europe is growing as more people are becoming aware of the possibility of drug allergies in kids. Pediatric compounding formulations can be found in a variety of kid-friendly forms, such as syrups, suspensions, freezer pops, lollipops, and gummy bears, making it simpler for kids to take their medications. Children who have trouble speaking, thinking clearly, or taking pills are catered to by specialised drug manufacturers.

Children with autism, fragile X syndrome, or ADHD may also have sensory processing abnormalities. Compounding pharmacists can help young children who frequently experience negative drug reactions, such as vomiting and gagging, by tailoring the medication to their unique tastes and textures. Because many commercially available syrups contain sorbitol or corn syrup, which some children are sensitive to, the local sterile compounding pharmacy business has been addressing the needs of children with food allergies. 5.6 million kids in the US alone have food allergies, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.

The prevalence of ADHD is rising in the Nordic nations, which is boosting the market share of Swedish compounding pharmacies. The University of Gothenburg thinks that ADHD is one of the most prevalent conditions in local adolescent and child psychiatry. According to estimates, the illness affects between 3 and 5 percent of Nordic children enrolled in school.

 

11 Common Stomach Cancer Early Symptoms

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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11 Common Stomach Cancer Early Symptoms

Each year, more than 7 in 100,000 people receive a stomach cancer diagnosis, and 3 in 100,000 people pass away from the condition. At some time in their lives, about 0.8 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with stomach cancer. In the United States, 116,525 people had stomach cancer as of 2017.

Approximately 1.5% of all new cancer cases, or 27,600 new cases, are expected to be diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2020, according to the National Cancer Institute. Additionally, the NCI anticipates 11,010 stomach cancer deaths in 2020, or 1.8% of all cancer fatalities. It is critical to comprehend stomach cancer’s distinct characteristics and the conditions it can mimic because it affects men and women differently and can be challenging to diagnose. This page discusses the symptoms and signs of stomach cancer as well as the various disease stages, root causes, warning indicators, and treatment options.

What exactly is gastric cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, develops when healthy normal cells in the stomach lining are replaced by cancer cells that are developing. The oesophagus, the tube down which food passes after swallowing to reach the intestines, is directly below the stomach. One component of the digestive system that breaks down food and transports nutrients to the small intestine is the stomach.

It may take years for this type of cancer to manifest because it usually grows slowly. When previously healthy cells in the mucosa of the stomach lining start to proliferate out of control, stomach cancer frequently develops. The term “tumour” refers to this mass of malignant cells, which over time migrated into the stomach’s deeper layers.

What types of gastric cancer are there?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is the name for a category of cancer. There are numerous varieties of stomach cancer:
Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent form of gastric cancer, accounting for more than 90% of all cases. stomach cancer that develops in the innermost layer of the lining.

Lymphoma: 4% of all stomach cancers, which do not originate from the stomach lining’s mucosa, are immune system cancers. It is divided into primary and secondary stomach lymphomas.

  • Primary lymphoma concerns the stomach and may later impact the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other body organs.
  • Secondary lymphoma affects other bodily parts including the blood that is now flowing, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other organs at first. Cancer can also move to the stomach secondarily.

Gastrointestinal Stroma Tumor: a soft tissue tumour that can spread to the connective tissue of the stomach.
Neuroendocrine cancer: Neuroendocrine tumours, also called carcinoid tumours, develop from endocrine and nervous system cells in the intestine.

What are the various gastric cancer stages?
The intensity of the growth and dissemination of malignant cells determines the stage of stomach cancer. Initially, the tumour, node metastasis (TNM) system evaluates adenocarcinoma.

  • T: How deeply has the tumor spread into the stomach wall?
  • N: Has the stomach cancer spread to the lymph nodes?
  • M: Has the stomach cancer spread to other parts of the body

The cancer is staged at 0 or 1 to 4 once the TNM staging data has been considered. The following are the tumour classifications for staging:

  • Stage 0 is early cancer on the surface of the stomach lining.
  • Stage 1A or 1B
  • Stage 2A or 2B, commonly with  deeper stomach wall involved
  • Stage 3A or 3B or 3C, commonly with lymph node(s) involvement
  • Stage 4 means cancer has metastasized elsewhere in the body outside of the stomach.

What principal factors give rise to gastric cancer?
Gastric cancer has multiple causes, and occasionally it develops with no identified risk factors. Stomach cancer risk can rise as a result of lifestyle decisions. On the other hand, those who have chronic stomach inflammation as a result of lifestyle choices or chronic illness are more at risk. The typical causes of stomach cancer frequently involve a past medical history that contains the following:

  • H. pylori bacterial infections: A common stomach infection that often causes ulcers.
  • Tumors: Other tumors occurring elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Stomach polyps: Abnormal tissue growth in the stomach lining.
  • Stomach reflex (GERD) 

    You can alter your lifestyle to potentially lower your risk of gastric cancer. These consist of:

  • Giving up smoking
  • Maintaining a healthy diet and staying away from:
    -Processed foods
    -Smoked meat or meal
    -Added salt or salted foods
  • Practicing physical activity
  • Preparing and preserving food correctly
  • Not abusing alcohol
  • Being healthy in terms of weightThe following are risk factors for stomach cancer that you cannot change:
  • Your age (50 years or older)
  • Being male
  • Being of Asian, South American or Belarusian descent
  • Having a family history of stomach cancer
  • Having a history of stomach surgery
  • Having pernicious anemia, which is a vitamin deficiency that may be related to either lifestyle or disease

Apparently, Huawei is being investigated in the US over suspicions that it may be collecting sensitive data from military bases

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Apparently, Huawei is being investigated in the US over suspicions that it may be collecting sensitive data from military bases

According to two people with knowledge of the situation, the Biden administration is looking into the Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer Huawei over worries that US cell towers outfitted with its hardware could collect sensitive information from military bases and missile silos and send it to China.

One of the persons, who asked to remain anonymous because the probe is private and involves national security, said that authorities are concerned that Huawei could receive sensitive information through the equipment on military maneuvers and the readiness state of bases and soldiers.

According to the sources, the Commerce Department launched the previously unknown investigation soon after Joe Biden entered office in early last year. This was done after guidelines were put in place to clarify a May 2019 presidential order that granted the agency the authority to conduct investigations.

According to the 10-page document seen by Reuters, the government sent Huawei with a subpoena in April 2021 to learn more about the firm’s policies on disclosing to foreign parties data that its equipment could obtain from cell phones, including as messages and geolocational information.

The Department of Commerce stated that it was unable to “confirm or deny ongoing investigations.” In order to safeguard our economic and national security, it was also stated that “protecting US citizens’ safety and security against nefarious information collection is essential.” Requests for comment from Huawei were not answered. The business has categorically disputed the claims made by the US government that it may eavesdrop on US consumers and otherwise represent a threat to national security.

The precise accusations received no response from the Chinese embassy in Washington. “The US government abuses the concept of national security and state power to go to great lengths to suppress Huawei and other Chinese telecommunications companies without providing any solid evidence that they constitute a security threat to the US and other countries,” it was stated in an email statement. Reuters was unable to ascertain what steps the agency might use to penalize Huawei. According to eight current and former US government sources, the investigation of the corporation, which has already been subject to a number of US restrictions in recent years, indicates ongoing national security concerns.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the US telecoms regulator, may impose more limitations if the Commerce Department decides Huawei constitutes a national security concern. According to a number of lawyers, academics, and former officials contacted by Reuters, the agency could use broad new powers granted by the Trump administration to ban all US transactions with Huawei and order US telecoms carriers that still use its equipment to remove it immediately under threat of fines or other penalties. The FCC chose not to respond.

US-China Tech Conflict

The US government has long accused Huawei of spying on US customers, despite the fact that Washington has not made many of these charges publicly available. The claims are refuted by the corporation.

In a lecture in 2020, FBI Director Christopher Wray said that “Chinese businesses like Huawei might capture any of your information that traverses their devices or networks if they are given unrestricted access to our telecommunications infrastructure.” Even worse, if questioned, they would be forced to provide it over to the Chinese government.

Whether Huawei’s tools are able to gather this kind of private data and give it to China is unknown to Reuters. “You can gather intelligence if you can mount a receiver on a (cellphone) tower and collect signals. No intelligence organization would miss such a chance, “Jim Lewis, a cybersecurity and technology expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a think tank based in Washington, DC, stated. A 2019 bill and related regulations prohibiting US corporations from utilizing federal subsidies to purchase Huawei telecom equipment was one step taken to combat the perceived threat. It also gave the FCC the responsibility of pressuring US carriers that receive federal subsidies to remove Huawei equipment from their networks in exchange for payment.

However, the so-called “tear and replace” deadline to entirely remove and destroy Huawei equipment won’t start until at least mid-2023, with extra options for businesses to request extensions. And for the time being, refunds will only cover 40% of the total amount asked.

Nearby missile silos, towers

According to the two sources and an FCC commissioner, cell towers with Huawei equipment that are adjacent to key military and intelligence locations have come to the attention of the US government. One of the five FCC commissioners, Brendan Carr, said that Huawei was used in the cell towers near Montana’s Malmstrom Air Force Base, one of three that watch over missile bases in the country.

He told Reuters in an interview this week that there was a chance Huawei’s acquisition of smartphone data could expose army activities close to the sites. The possibility that some of that equipment may be employed as an early warning system in the event of, God forbid, an ICBM missile strike, is a very real danger. The precise location or scope of Huawei equipment using military facilities remained unknown to Reuters. Reuters spoke with several people who identified at least two other possible occurrences in Nebraska and Wyoming.

Crystal Rhoades, a commissioner at Nebraska’s telecoms regulator, has alerted the media to the danger presented by Viaero-owned mobile towers’ closeness to ICBM silos in the state’s western region. Nuclear warheads are kept in subterranean silos close to military facilities and are carried by ICBMs to targets thousands of kilometres away. The FE Warren Air Force Base in nearby Wyoming is in charge of the missile field that is close to the Nebraska cell towers.

About 110,000 users in the area receive mobile phone and wireless broadband services from Viaero. In a 2018 filing to the FCC, it claimed that almost 80% of its equipment was produced by the Chinese company, arguing against the commission’s attempts to restrain Huawei’s growth. According to Rhoades, who spoke to Reuters in June, this equipment might potentially allow Huawei to get private information about the sites. In any given building where there are highly lethal and sophisticated weaponry, “an enemy state could theoretically observe when things are online, when they are offline, the level of security, and how many people are on duty,” Rhoades said.

Despite asking Viaero for new information in recent weeks, Rhoades claimed in July that she had not received any updates on the company’s rip and replace efforts in more than two years. The corporation has previously stated that it would wait until the FCC funding became available to start removal efforts. On Monday, the FCC informed businesses of the percentage of their funding requests that it could cover. Numerous requests for comment to Viaero were not answered. Huawei also choose not to respond.

In an interview with Reuters in 2018, Wyoming’s former CEO of rural carrier Union Wireless, John Woody, mentioned that the company’s service region included ICBM silos close to FE Warren Air Force Base and that its gear included Huawei switches, routers, and cell sites. The acting CEO and son of John Woody stated last month that “almost all the Huawei equipment Union purchased remains in our network.” He choose not to say whether Huawei equipment is present in the towers adjacent to the secure military sites.

The Pentagon was consulted over comments regarding Huawei equipment by FE Warren Air Force Base. We constantly monitor actions near our installations and sites, the United States Strategic Command, which is in charge of nuclear operations, said in a statement to Reuters. Although it stated that “any worries are on a whole of government level,” it omitted to elaborate on what exactly those concerns are.

New capabilities against foreign foes

The Commerce Department investigation may give the FCC’s crackdown more bite, but Rick Sofield, a former DOJ officer in the national security division who investigated telecoms transactions, said there was nothing novel about targeting Huawei. “Any information or communications technology company that continues to use Huawei products is assuming the risk that the US government will come knocking,” said Sofield, who represents US and foreign companies subject to US national security reviews. “The US government’s concerns regarding Huawei are widely known.” He said he hadn’t done any work for Huawei.

According to the executive order and accompanying guidelines, the Commerce Department is employing authority provided in 2019 that enables it to prohibit or limit transactions between US firms and internet, telecom, and tech companies from “foreign adversary” countries including Russia and China. One of the first cases to be handled by the Biden administration under the expanded powers, according to the two sources familiar with the Huawei investigation and a former government official, was sent to Commerce in early 2021.

Reuters’ requests for comments were forwarded to Commerce via the Justice Department. The subpoena was issued on April 13, 2021, the same day that Commerce declared that a document request had been issued under the new authority to an undisclosed Chinese corporation. For the past seven years, Huawei must provide “records identifying Huawei’s business transactions and relationships with foreign entities located outside of the United States, including foreign government agencies or parties, that have access to, or that share in any capacity, the US user data collected by Huawei.” Huawei has 30 days to comply.

It requests Huawei to provide a comprehensive list of “all types of equipment sold” to “any communications provider in the United States,” along with the names and locations of the parties to the sale, noting that the “focus of this investigation is the provisioning of mobile network and telecommunications equipment…by Huawei in the United States.”

 

Why States must meet 25% of their energy needs from renewable sources

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Why States must meet 25% of their energy needs from renewable sources

States  might want to satisfy 1 / 4 in their call for renewable strength (RE) assets beneath the new ‘Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)’ mandate and grow it to 40% in keeping with the aid of giving up this decade. The new set of goals encompass sun, wind, hydro and additionally strength garage for the primary time for states to mandatorily buy.

The stringent goals come withinside the wake of India committing an formidable 500 gigawatt (GW) of RE with the aid of using 2040 on the Glasgow COP26 weather summit closing yr. Also, the draft Electricity Bill 2021, in all likelihood to be located withinside the Parliament for the duration of this monsoon session, has additionally proposed penal provisions for states which fail to satisfy their RPO goals.

Under the modern-day set of goals for 2023-2030, overall RPO variety is 24.61  to 43. 33 %  in keeping. In this, the wind RPO is withinside the variety of 0.81-6.  94%  in keeping with , hydro RPO, delivered  years back, 0.35-2.eighty two in keeping with cent and different RPO, so one can majorly incorporate of sun strength, the variety is 23.44-33.57  in keeping with cent

For strength garage, which has been delivered for the primary time, the goals are withinside the variety of 1-four in keeping with cent for the duration of this decade. This might be met through sun and wind strength initiatives with a strength garage.

States might now want to layout and offer a trajectory for assembly the RPO goals withinside the variety stipulated with the aid of using the Centre. The states which can be deficit in the RE era should purchase RE certificates from surplus states or through strength buying and selling platforms. The charge of RECs is issued with the aid of using the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) annually.

During the closing 3 years, the RPO goals had been 17 percent, 19 in percent and 21 percent. Barring 5 states which over-accomplished their goals, not one of the states met their RPO until 2020, consistent with a Lok Sabha record at the same. The states which meet their RPO goals every year are those which can be useful resource-wise along with Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

For states which want to buy RE for assembly their goals, the fulfillment has been dismal. Since the RPO mechanism was released in 2010, besides for RE wealthy states, none have met a 100% in keeping in their goal for the duration of any year. This has brought about a developing mismatch withinside the RE area with states reluctant to buy RE even as sun and wind strength task ability will increase each year. The Centre is now seeking to strictly implement RE buy.

The proposed amendments to the Electricity Act, 2003 have for the primary-time drafted penalty provision for states which pass over on their RPO trajectory. For states which buy RE much less than their prescribed trajectory, the Union Ministry of Power has proposed a penalty sum withinside the variety of 25 paise in keeping with unit (kwh) to 30 paisa in keeping with unit for the primary yr of default. For the following years, the penalty fee might be 35-50 paisa in keeping with unit.

India has a goal of assembling a hundred seventy five GW of RE with the aid of using the give up of this yr with sun contributing a hundred GW, 60 GW thru wind and stability from different assets along with small hydro. Currently, India’s RE ability stands at 114 GW with sun at fifty seven GW and wind at forty GW.

What Is Renewable Purchase Obligation

Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) is the requirement mandated with the aid of using Central/State Regulatory Commission and is applicable to Distribution Licensee: strength distribution companies (DISCOMs); Open Access Consumer: ones obtaining strength from strength exchanges (IEX/PXIL), from traders, through bilateral agreements and so on

When will RPO be delivered in India?

The Government of India in July 2016 notified the long-time period increase trajectory of Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs) for non-sun in addition to sun, uniformly for all States/ Union Territories (UTs), to begin with for 3 years from 2016–17 to 2018–19 attaining 17% of RPO with the aid of using 2019, with sun RPO being 6.75%.

 Background

The Electricity Act, 2003 entrusted at the Regulatory Commissions the unique duty of advertising of renewable strength assets.

Pursuant to the enactment of the Electricity Act 2003, the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) are required to restore a minimal percent of the full intake of energy withinside the location of a distribution licensee for buy of strength from renewable strength assets.

With the change of the Tariff Policy in January 2016, the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) are required to order a minimal percent for the acquisition of sun strength which will be such that it reaches 8% of the full intake of strength, apart from hydropower, with the aid of using March 2022 or as notified with the aid of using the Central Government from time to time

What  are the Objectives of RPO?

The goals of RPO are as follows:

To set up a centralized web-primarily based totally tracking mechanism for RPO compliance for all states and Union territories

To perform a clean procedure of tracking renewable strength transactions of the enlisted organizations.

To expand a database that might end up a device for SERCs to audit RPO compliance

To decorate transparency withinside the powerful compliance of RPO procedure

What is Facebook’s new chronologically organised tab?

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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What is Facebook’s new chronologically organised tab?

Facebook added a completely great replacement to its app on 22nd july 2022 First off, it is lengthy and makes the experience that the primary feed you notice whilst you release the app is now named Home. The essential replacement is the addition of a brand new tab withinside the app known as Feeds.

According to GSM Arena, this tab is prepared in opposite chronological order, simply as what became previously called Home earlier than the set of rules seized control.

You may also have the Feeds tab display you the whole thing or handiest fabric out of your pals, groups, pages, or favorites – that is a tailor-made listing of the pals and pages you care approximately the maximum is now portraying the Home feed as “greater of a discovery engine with a purpose to find and comply with new content material and artists thru recommendations.” Feeds, on the other hand, is where you go “to get the fabric from the people and groups you are already related with.” In Feeds, there are no “Suggested For You” posts.

The new Home and Feeds tabs are being dispatched out to a chosen percent of Facebook customers on iOS and Android today. They have to be had to anybody on Facebook in the subsequent week, as mentioned by way of GSM Arena.

The shortcut bar that holds those tabs is positioned at the lowest of the Facebook app on iOS and on the pinnacle of the Facebook app on Android. The shortcut bar tabs will alternate relying on some components of this system you operate the maximum, however you could customise and pin tabs to your shortcut bar to make their region everlasting in case you choose.

Facebook is the ultra-modern in a protracted line of what we now understand as “social networking” web sites. But what unites it other than the competition is its popularity. At closing check, Facebook boasts over 2.23 billion lively customers.

Established in 2004, from the university dorm room of Mark Zuckerberg, a Harvard student, the internet site is now really well worth billions of greenbacks and is one of the global maximum recognisable brands. It’s even had the Hollywood treatment, with The Social Network, a movie exploring the web website online’s conception, launched to extensive acclaim in 2011. But, in case you’re no longer pretty on the pinnacle of the era or are new to the internet, as a parent, or a teacher, you likely have some questions.

What is Facebook?

Facebook is an internet site which lets in customers, who sign-up without cost profiles, to hook up with pals, painting colleagues or humans they don’t understand, on-line. It lets in customers to percentage photographs, music, videos, and articles, in addition to their very own mind and reviews with but many humans they like.

Users send “buddy requests” to folks who they may also – or may also now no longer – understand.

Facebook has over 1 billion customers

Once accepted, the 2 profiles are related with each customer capable of seeing regardless of the different man or woman posts. “Facebookers” can publish nearly anything to their “timeline”, a photo of what’s going on of their social circle at any given time, and also can input non-public chats with different pals who’re on-line.

People with profiles listing data approximately themselves. Whether it’s what they are painting at, in which they’re studying, ages, or different non-public details, many customers publish masses of data that’s without problems available to their pals and others. On top of this, customers can “like” different pages which interest them. For example, a Liverpool FC supporter can comply with the membership via means of linking up with its Facebook page. There, the consumer can publish remarks and acquire membership updates, photographs etc.

Why is Facebook so Popular?

For younger humans, who’ve grown up with era, Facebook became as soon as the maximum famous internet site there is. However, many teenagers are migrating to different social networking webweb sites together with Instagram (that’s owned by way of means of Facebook) and Snapchat.

Those who nonetheless use it, use it for social networking. Young humans are born multi-taskers, so the use of Facebook, as with every social networking internet site, is sort of second nature to many teenagers. Social networking web sites permit younger humans to test who they’re. They are famous due to the fact teenagers can locate their very own, uninhibited voice on-line which they are able to share with pals. Some teenagers sense they are able to specify themselves simpler on-line whilst in comparison to the actual global due to the fact possibly they sense the digital global is greater secure.

Teenagers love Facebook due to the fact they are able to personalise their profile. In a lot the identical manner that different generations may also have plastered their bed room partitions with posters in their preferred bands or football teams, younger humans now participate in personalising their very own area on-line with photographs, music, videos, and remarks. The web website online has made speaking a lot simpler too. Rather than choosing the telecel smartphone to ring your buddy’s house, teenagers can right away and immediately speak with their pals on Facebook. Even email, some other particularly new era, is of secondary significance to teenagers who use Facebook to do the bulk of their speaking.

Facebook: With the Opportunities Comes Risk

However, in spite of its popularity, there also are many dangers for Facebook’s more youthful customers.

UPDATE: Under the brand new E.U General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Ireland has now set the Digital Age of Consent to sixteen years old. This method younger humans below the age of sixteen in Ireland aren’t allowed to get right of entry to this platform.

Here, Webwise outlines a number of the primary problems which dad and mom have worries approximately:

Privacy: Teens can from time to time overlook that what’s published on Facebook is basically a form of publishing and, except profiles are set to non-public, all and sundry can view the data. Often, teenagers publish an excessive amount of non-public data on-line like images or telecel smartphone numbers.

Predators: While rare, there were times in which predators and different unscrupulous people have focused younger humans on Facebook. Due to its nature, the web website online may be without problems accessed and is complete of private data

Cyberbullying: Facebook gives bullies a brand new and fertile battlefield in which they are able to inflict most harm on their goal through repeated use of nasty messages and different methods. There are several testimonies of hijacked profiles or critical times of cyberbullying that have cause struggling for victims

Meeting Contacts: Many dad and mom worry that younger humans will meet face-to-face with humans they first met on-line. With this there are apparent dangers. Some younger humans will take on-line contacts at face value, however unfortunately, now no longer all people is genuine

Content: Sometimes, there may be content material on Facebook that’s wrong for younger humans and could disillusion them. Because of Facebook’s popularity, there are a whole lot of older customers and frequently kids may be uncovered to matters dad and mom could pick if they had been no longer.

Is the FMCG industry making a comeback?

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Is the FMCG industry making a comeback?

FMCG also called consumer packaged goods, corporations affected a charge hike of 10-15% consistent during the last few months. They additionally slashed the load of biscuits, juices and numerous different packed gadgets to make up for the loss being incurred because of the growing centre cost.

Almost all of the spices have seen their charges grow in double-digits over the past one yr. Chilli Powder rose via means of 12.6%, at the same time as Garam Masala surged 15.6%, in step with facts from Bizom, a retail intelligence platform. Prices of turmeric, Jeera and Coriander expanded 11.6%, 12.7% and 16.9% respectively over the past one yr.

In the vital meals category, charges of milk have long gone up via means of five.4% over closing yr period, at the same time as that of Atta and bread have risen 8% and 12.3% respectively. Branded bathing soaps and detergents, which come beneathneath the vital non-ingredients segment, too have visible double-digit growth in charges withinside the beyond one year.

Rising charges have additionally affected drop in intake, particularly withinside the rural regions. FMCG corporations suggested decline in volumes throughout classes withinside the closing couple of quarters. According to a Nielsen document, volumes shrank 4% withinside the March zone, led via means of a pointy drop withinside the non-meals category.

In the June zone too, volumes remained beneath neath strain. FMCG large HUL’s first zone income boom changed into in large part pushed via means of charge hikes, at the same time as the underlying extent boom changed into muted at around 6%.

Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL) and Marico too stated they anticipate an extent decline “in mid-unmarried digits” withinside the first zone. Experts say FMCG volumes would possibly have reduced in size around five to 8% withinside the June zone.

Mayank Shah, Senior Category Head, Parle Products says the arena is already seeing symptoms and symptoms of rural call for reviving withinside the cutting-edge zone. He expects a typical call for revival via means of the quit of the cutting-edge zone. Festive seasons should spur intake on a massive scale, he says.

Palm oil– one of the key commodities utilized in FMCG products—has come right all the way down to about $1,200/MT from the height stages of $1,800-1,900/MT. So, is the worst at the back of for the enterprise and will there be any comfort for customers going forward? Akshay D’souza, Chief of Growth and Insights at Bizom, stated a moderate decline in commodity charges in a few classes is likely. However, there may be no strain on corporations to ease the charge burden.

FMCG corporations would possibly appear to recognize powerful fees via means of imparting better cost to the customers on the equal charge to enhance the extent of the boom. There may also be aggressive strain at the corporations in phrases of gives and schemes beforehand of the pageant season.

Beating analysts’ estimates, Hindustan Unilever (HUL) on Tuesday stated its standalone internet income for the zone ended June 2022 changed into up 11%. HUL MD and CEO Sanjiv Mehta stated at the same time as there are close to time period worries round inflation, the current softening of commodities, financial and financial measures taken by way of means of the authorities augur nicely for the enterprise. India’s rural regions contribute 35% to typical FMCG quarter income. If the monsoon is right and constant over the subsequent month, it can bring about better rural earning and up rural intake.

Akshay D’Souza, Chief of Growth & Insights, Bizom says FMCG corporations will appear to keep on charges even supposing commodity charges ease. They would possibly deliver better cost consistent with gram or consistent with rupee at the product. Consumer corporations will recognize on intake push gives and schemes beforehand of the pageant season.

Amid inflationary pressures, the current selection to impose GST on pre-packaged meals gadgets of as much as 25kg like atta, paneer, and curd should upload a few strain on volumes withinside the brief time period and additionally make gadgets dearer for customers.

A current document via means of ICICI Direct Research stated that charges of commodities may also fall in 3 to 6 months because of the upward push in hobby fees globally. FMCG corporations are having a bet closely at the festive season to enhance typical extent boom and a call for revival at the lower back of proper monsoon should augur nicely for the enterprise.

 What Are Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)?

Fast-transferring client items are merchandise that promote quickly at distinctly low cost. These items also are known as client packaged items.

FMCGs have a brief shelf-life due to excessive client demand (e.g., tender liquids and confections) or due to the fact they’re perishable (e.g., meat, dairy merchandise, and baked items). These items are bought frequently, are fed on rapidly, are priced low, and are offered in massive quantities. They actually have an excessive turnover while they are at the shelf in the store.

Understanding Fast-Moving Consumer

Goods (FMCG)

Consumer items are merchandise bought for intake via way of means of the common customer. They are divided into 3 exceptional categories: long lasting items, nondurable items, and services. Durable items have a shelf existence of 3 years or extra whilst nondurable items have a shelf existence of much less than one year. Fast-transferring customer items is the most important phase of customer items. They fall into the nondurable category, as they’re fed on right away and feature a quick shelf existence.

Nearly every body withinside the global makes use of fast-transferring customer items (FMCG) each day. They are the small-scale customer purchases we make on the produce stand, grocery store, supermarket, and warehouse outlet. Examples consist of milk, gum, fruit and vegetables, lavatory paper, soda, beer, and over the counter pills like aspirin.

FMCGs account for extra than 1/2 of all client spending, however they have a tendency to be low-involvement purchases. Consumers are much more likely to expose a long lasting device together with a brand new vehicle or superbly designed phone than a brand new strength drink they picked up for $2.50 at the convenience store.

Why is There a Gig Worker Scarcity In India?

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Why is There a Gig Worker Scarcity In India?

India’s labor marketplace is witnessing a complicated phenomenon. Data from the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) confirmed that, from 428.four million in March, the labour pressure improved via means of eight.eight million to attain 437.2 million in April this year. This became certainly considered one among the most important month-to-month increases.

The personal think-tank stated that such growth is best feasible if a few working-age folks that have been out of the labour pressure joined again in April. However, employment possibilities have been insufficient to soak up the extra delivery ensuing withinside the unemployment charge inching up slightly.

An 8.8 million growth withinside the labour pressure and a 7 million growth in employment in April ended in a 1.eight million growth withinside the remember of the unemployed. This drove the entire wide variety of unemployed to 34.2 million. But, what became complicated became that whilst the wide variety of jobless humans soared, India’s on-call for transport systems witnessed a scarcity of employees — the riders who can choose and drop meals, groceries and different items.

Swiggy has briefly closed down its choose-up and drop-off provider Genie in Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru – 3 of the sixty eight towns wherein the provider is to be had because of a scarcity of transport personnel. The organisation stated the cricketing and festive season ended in a surge in calls for servicing the necessities for each the meals market and grocery provider Instamart, requiring them to prioritise deliveries accordingly.

Swiggy stated it was hoping to renew Genie withinside the impacted towns soon. While call for has long past, transport instances have improved too withinside the past few weeks in pinnacle towns. Food transport instances are averaging above forty mins or even pass as much as 60 mins or more. It is likewise mainly to reserve cancellations. This is likewise compelling on-line systems to membership more than one order in a single pass.

The proliferation of short trade apps has induced a hiring frenzy of kinds for transport employees. B2B gig market Taskmo’s Prashant Janadri says that groups should widely grow their pay for gig employees, a good way to hold them longer as employees at the moment are switching systems in as low as 1 or 2 months.

It is apparent that transport employees sense their wages aren’t sufficiently beneficial anymore for the form of attempt they positioned in, specifically withinside the summers.

Janadri says certainly one among the largest contributing elements to the disaster is the wages now no longer going up commensurately as gasoline were given more expensive withinside the final  months. But groups might be concerned that growing transport fees ought to cause suppression of call for.

Meanwhile, Rohit Rathi, co-founding father of Karmalife, an economic platform for gig employees, says the modern state of affairs is due to cyclical elements and the call-for-deliver mismatch will stabilise in some months.

The call for gig employees via way of means of short trade and logistics gamers, plus growing inflation because of gasoline charges and the incapability of gamers to growth incentives to riders alongside an excessive churn charge is consequently impacting hiring and retention.

 

How massive is the personnel engaged with inside the gig financial system?

The document estimates that greater than 7.five million employees had been engaged withinside the gig financial system in 2020-21. This should develop to 23.five million employees withinside the subsequent 8 years, making up for 4.1 consistent with cent of general livelihood in India.

According to the document, approximately forty seven consistent with cent of the gig paintings are in medium professional jobs, approximately 22 consistent with cent in excessive professional jobs, and approximately 31 consistent with cent in low professional jobs. Gig employees may be widely categorized into platform and non-platform employees.

 

What are the demanding situations of the gig financial system in keeping with the document?

According to the document, the demanding situations of the gig financial system area are- loss of activity security, irregularity of wages, unsure employment reputation for employees etc. As unbiased contractors, platform employees can not get entry to the various places of business protections and entitlements.

 

What are the important factors blanketed within the document concerning girls and PwDs?

A survey performed throughout city centres of India found out that girls are much more likely to soak up platform jobs after their training and marriage.

Female labour pressure participation in India has remained low, oscillating among sixteen consistent with cent to 23 consistent with cent with inside the previous couple of years.

Persons with disabilities, who make up 2.eleven to ten percent of India’s population, have a labour pressure participation fee of 36%..

Structural limitations like get entry to to training and absence of skilling have hindered the participation of the 2 demographic companies with inside the country’s labour pressure.

Fiscal incentives along with tax-breaks or startup presents can be supplied for agencies that offer livelihood possibilities in which girls represent a sizable portion (30% consistent ) in their employees. Likewise, a platform with excessive accessibility or an excessive diploma of participation of PwDs too can be rewarded with financial incentives.

Apart from incentive’s systems that target recruiting girls employees, the document additionally endorsed that agencies have a better proportion of girls managers and supervisors with-inside the corporation to make sure that verbal exchange to employees does now no longer perpetuate gender stereotypes.

However, in keeping with the document, platform businesses provide flexibility and desire of labour to all employees in general, and girls in particular, empowering them to monetize their idle property whilst and in which they need an advantage lacking in conventional employment sectors — making them an appealing possibility for girls and humans with disabilities.

The document shows that businesses perform gender sensitization and accessibility consciousness programmed for employees and their families, mainly to sell the rights of girls and humans with disabilities. It additionally shows partnering with diverse stakeholders to up skill girls and disabled humans.

Who is Rishi Sunak ?

Ravindra Kirti Founder GGF
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Who is Rishi Sunak ?

Rishi Sunak leads the race to become the next Uk PM, is a son-in-law of Indian billionaire Narayan Murthy and a formal Finance Minister of the UK he has clinched his place for the final leg of the race to succeed Boris Johnson.

Bio of Rishi suank you need to know :

42-year-old Rishi song is assumed to be the next UK Prime Minister an Indian origin UK Finance Minister after the resignation of Boris Johnson from his position as the Prime Minister.
Rishi Saunk the British politician was born on 12th May 1980. He served for 2 years as Finance Minister from 2020 to 2022. He was elected as a member of parliament in 2015 since then he has been the MP of Richmond also he is a member of the UK governing party and he even served the duties of a chief secretary to the treasury for 2 years from 2019 to 2020 before being the finance minister of UK.

He is one of the second youngest people to get the position of Finance Minister and is the very first Indian-origin politician to be entitled as Finance Minister of the United Kingdom. The position of Finance Minister is regarded as the second most prominent position in the government.
Also renowned as the Maharaj of the Yorkshire Dale. Talking about his wife Akshata Murthy was born in 1918 and is a daughter of the Indian IT industry and the founder of the multinational company Infosys.

When and how his political career started ?

Around the time between 2001 to 2004, Rishi worked at an Investment Bank, Goldman Sachs. He was posted as an analyst there. After that, he worked at The Children’s Investment Fund Management, a hedge fund managing company.
In 2014 October he was chosen as the candidate of yours is Richmond where he won two times from his seat in here 2017 and 19 with voting in the UK election on July 2019 UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed Rishi as chief secretary to the treasury where he served his duty for 2 years moreover Prime Minister Boris Johnson preached Rishi for his work and determination and considered him as his favourite minister.

Recently in July 2022 Rishi resigned as the position of Finance Minister. Sunak’s bid comes after a tumultuous week in the UK that culminated with Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s resignation on Thursday, a day before Sunak’s announcement .

Rishi won the latest round of voting among the party members of parliament as Tom Tugendant was eliminated in just voting now there are only 4 candidates left and the race to became next Prime Minister of UK according to a survey pole half of United kingdoms governing party believes that song will be the next Prime Minister if elected as he received 115 votes followed by other three candidates penny Mardaunt 82, Liz Truss 71, Kemi Badenoch 58 and Tugendant 31 votes respectively.

Various senior Conservative MP’s have publicly backed Sunak’s candidacy and promoted his ‘Ready for Rishi’ campaign, It will take months for us to know if the UK will have its first Indian-origin prime minister. Mr Sunak is now one vote away from 119 (or a third of 357 MPs ) – the threshold is therefore 120, to make it to the final two, whose names will be announced on Wednesday afternoon.

The 42-year-old won the fifth and final voting round of Tory MPs with a resounding 137 votes, while the second-placed Truss got the support of 113 MPs. Trade Minister Penny Mordaunt was knocked out of the race after coming in third with 105 votes. On 13th July the first voting was held while the second was on the 14th of July and the most recent was on July 18th in which Rishi topped.

Although Ms Truss came in third on Tuesday, she is a serious contender for a slot in the final two – depending on how Ms Badenoch’s votes are distributed in Wednesday’s voting. To take part in the race, a candidate requires the nomination of at least 8 other Tory MPs. If there are more than two candidates, a series of secret ballots will be conducted to reduce the number to two. Subsequently, a final vote will be held by the Conservative Party, and the winner will become the leader of the Conservative Party and PM.

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